VISUAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF
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2 - Syrups
The overall processes to develop the three types of syrups, namely solutions, suspensions, and emulsions, are quite similar, so the general process will be described below and differences pointed out as needed. In all cases, the Active Phar...
3 - Quality Control
All pharmaceutical products must undergo quality control (QC) to ensure that the delivered product is up to the required specifications. This is very important for the pharmaceutical industry as minute deviations from a product specificatio...
2 - Injectables
Injectables are sterile liquid drug products that are injected into the bloodstream. A high-level overview of the processes to develop the three types of injectables (solutions, suspensions, and emulsions) is described below. The active pha...
2 - Sprays
Pharmaceutical sprays are medicines that are administered orally or nasally through respiration. In sprays a liquid or solid formulation is converted into a dynamic mixture dispersed in gas through atomization. An atomized spray, shown belo...
2 - Semi- Solids
Semi-solid pharmaceuticals can be divided into creams, gels, and ointments. The manufacturing process for these semi-solids are very similar, therefore this section will cover semi-solids as a whole and mention details about each subgroup a...
2 - Capsules
Pharmaceutical capsules are an alternative to tablets when compressed solids cannot be formed. Capsules use a gelatin barrier to deliver the active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) and additional inactive ingredients to the body. The barrier...
1 - API
Pharmaceutical processes start with the production of the Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient (API). This consists of: feed handling, reactions, recovery, and drying. After these steps, a pure API is ready to be used in pharmaceutical products...
3 - Conversion
Petroleum conversion is the final step in the petroleum refining process. Petroleum conversion can be broken down into three separate chemical processes: Decomposition, Alteration, and Unification. Decomposition processes involve the use of...
1 - Fractionation
The first stage in the petroleum refining process is separating the crude oil into various components called "fractions". The crude oil is fed into a distillation column, shown below, where the differences in boiling points of the different...
2 - Treatment
The second stage in the petroleum process is treating various hydrocarbon streams (naptha, kerosene, distillate, gas oil, etc.) to remove contaminants such as organic compounds that contain sulfur, nitrogen, and oxygen; dissolved metals and...