Tablets are pharmaceutical products made from compressed solids. Tablets are delivered to the body through ingestion. In pharmaceutical tablet production, the API is granulated into fine particles that are compressed into the basic tablet s...

All pharmaceutical products must undergo quality control (QC) to ensure that the delivered product is up to the required specifications. This is very important for the pharmaceutical industry as minute deviations from a product specificatio...

Injectables are sterile liquid drug products that are injected into the bloodstream. A high-level overview of the processes to develop the three types of injectables (solutions, suspensions, and emulsions) is described below. The active pha...

Pharmaceutical sprays are medicines that are administered orally or nasally through respiration. In sprays a liquid or solid formulation is converted into a dynamic mixture dispersed in gas through atomization. An atomized spray, shown belo...

Semi-solid pharmaceuticals can be divided into creams, gels, and ointments. The manufacturing process for these semi-solids are very similar, therefore this section will cover semi-solids as a whole and mention details about each subgroup a...

Pharmaceutical processes start with the production of the Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient (API). This consists of: feed handling, reactions, recovery, and drying. After these steps, a pure API is ready to be used in pharmaceutical products...

Petroleum conversion is the final step in the petroleum refining process. Petroleum conversion can be broken down into three separate chemical processes: Decomposition, Alteration, and Unification. Decomposition processes involve the use of...

The first stage in the petroleum refining process is separating the crude oil into various components called "fractions". The crude oil is fed into a distillation column, shown below, where the differences in boiling points of the different...

The ability to store energy after it is generated is critical to its successful implementation, so that it’s available when needed. Energy sources that are not stored in mechanical energy storage systems take the form of alternating current...