Boilers and thermal liquid heaters generate heat for use in other operations. They differ in the fluid medium used to transfer this heat....
Chimneys release flue gases into the atmosphere to reduce ground level concentrations....
Condensers make use of a condensing medium, such as air or water, that absorbs heat from a vapor. As the vapor loses its heat to the condensing medium, its temperature falls to the saturation point, and it condenses to a liquid....
Cooling towers remove heat from a warm liquid by contacting it with a cool, dry gas. Some of the liquid vaporizes and enters the gas stream. The vaporization removes heat from the liquid stream. The outgoing streams are a humid gas containi...
Cryogenics is the cooling of materials to extremely low temperatures using highly condensed gases. The ship shown below is used to transport liquefied gases used in cryogenic processes....
Flare systems are used to destroy corrosive, toxic, and flammable waste products during process start-ups or during upset plant conditions. This is achieved by converting them into less harmful products through combustion....
Furnaces and kilns are very similar in design, and are closely related to dryers. The major difference is that dryers only have an outer metal shell, whereas furnaces and kilns have refractory bricks for insulation....
Heat exchangers take the energy from a hot stream and use it to heat a cooler stream. Most of the heat exchangers used in industry are shell and tube, air cooled, or plate and frame....
Common refrigeration equipment decreases the temperature of a fluid to create a cool environment within which materials can be refrigerated or frozen. Shown below is an example of an outdoor walk-in refrigeration chamber....
Solar cells are multiple panel-conductor-electrode systems which, when joined with several others, can generate a tangible and significant amount of electrical current. There are three main types of solar cells, which differ primarily in th...
Solar thermal energy, commonly referred to as concentrated solar power (CSP), is generated through the use of collectors. The types of collectors include a parabolic dish, trough, and heliostats. Conventional CSP systems function by concent...
