Sugar confectioneries, better known as hard candies, are mixtures of sucrose, fructose, glucose, or maltose syrups, which are kept in an amorphous or glassy state, and can contain different flavors and colorings. Hard candies are prepared b...

Batching equipment is used to transfer specific quantities of material to a transport vessel or packaging unit....

Process safety is absolutely critical in the chemical process industry. As the scale of a process increases, so does the risk of damage to property and harm to individuals. This module covers several basic topics relating to process safety,...

Fluidized bed reactors (FBR) are catalytic reactors in which the catalyst is fluidized within the reactor....

Slurry reactors are three phase reactors (solid/liquid/gas). Pictured below is a slurry reactor used in the production of polyethylene products....

Trickle bed reactors are solid-liquid-gas contacting devices wherein a liquid stream flows downward over a bed of catalyst with pressure difference serving as the driving force. The fluid flows over catalyst particles and forms fine films, ...

Continuous stirred tank reactors (CSTR) are the most basic of the continuous reactors used in chemical processes. The CSTR below is a half pipe coil jacketed reactor....

Semi-batch reactors lie between batch and continuous reactors in terms of operation. Pictured below is a vertical reactor that can be configured to operate in semi-batch mode....

Fixed film reactors are used to treat organic hazardous, non-hazardous, and toxic wastes. Hazardous materials in untreated water can be degraded to less dangerous compounds using biological agents such as microorganisms or their products....