Solar thermal energy, commonly referred to as concentrated solar power (CSP), is generated through the use of collectors. The types of collectors include a parabolic dish, trough, and heliostats. Conventional CSP systems function by concentrating sunlight into a small receiver, where it is then converted to heat by an absorber. The heat that has been generated from the sun and captured in the receiver can then be stored within the heat transfer fluid inside a thermal energy storage system. The heat transfer fluid delivers heat to a heated fluidized energy exchanger that generates electricity. Instead of converting sunlight directly to electricity, as solar panels do, solar thermal energy systems convert sunlight into heat, and then convert the heat into electricity.
Solar Collectors
General Information
Two main types of solar concentrators are used in solar thermal energy generation: point-focus and line-focus. Point focus concentrators have a better heat exchange and increased thermal efficiency than line-focus concentrators.
Equipment Design
Point-focus solar concentrators (PFSCs) have high concentration ratios and use two-axis tracking to maintain direct sunlight throughout the day and with the changing seasons, which makes them more complex and expensive. PFSCs are most often used in medium-to-high solar-concentrating systems, such as in parabolic dish reflectors or heliostat fields. Parabolic dish reflectors move on a double axis and direct light at the receiver that is attached to the dish, whereas heliostat fields consist of many individual mirrors that track the sun to reflect light at one central, raised collector.
Line focus solar concentrators (LFSCs) have lower concentration ratios and use simpler, less expensive one-axis solar tracking technology. LFSCs are most often used in low-to-medium solar-concentrating systems, such as parabolic trough collectors (PTCs) or linear Fresnel reflectors (LFRs). PTCs use a long, trough-shaped mirror to focus sunlight on a pipe receiver in the center, which is attached to the trough-shaped mirror and moves with it. In contrast, LFRs utilize many long mirrors with one-axis solar tracking to reflect sunlight into one centralized, raised collector.
Solar Receivers and Absorbers
General Information
The solar concentrators or collectors point at solar receivers, delivering concentrated sunlight to them. The main purpose of the receivers is to efficiently convert sunlight into heat. Receivers always have an absorber attached to them, in which the sunlight is converted to heat, which can then be used to generate energy.
Equipment Design
The most common types of solar receivers are central receivers and vacuum tubes. All have a type of absorber built into them. Central receivers, also known as “power towers,” are most commonly used in heliostat fields, allowing for the many mirrors in the field to direct sunlight to one high point in the field. The absorber in the central receiver can then either store the heat generated by the sunlight directed at the receiver or can immediately convert this heat to electricity and send the electricity back into the system’s electrical grid. Vacuum tubes are the primary receivers used for LFSCs and function as the housing for the heat transfer fluid to pass through. The fluid gains heat and then retains that heat because the vacuum tube that encases it is void of matter, reducing convective heat losses. The heat transfer fluid is then delivered to an absorber, where heat can be stored, or to a heat exchanger engine to convert the heat into electricity
Usage Examples
Solar thermal energy generation is primarily used to heat water, or directly use heat in some way. Since there is the additional required step of converting generated heat into electricity, solar thermal electricity generation is a less favorable process than using solar cells that can convert sunlight directly into electricity.
Advantages
- More efficient conversion of sunlight to energy than solar cells
- More compact and efficient use of space
- Most often used and the most efficient way to heat water with solar power
- Relatively inexpensive installation cost
- Can use relatively generic equipment to convert generated heat to electricity
Disadvantages
- Can only use direct sunlight
- Diffused sunlight cannot be concentrated easily
- More intensive process to convert sunlight to electricity than solar cells
- Limited to areas with high average annual direct sunlight
- Cannot collect as much sun to convert to heat in the winter months
- Potential to freeze during the winter
References
- M. Hussain, and H. L. Gwi, “Thermal performance comparison of line- and point-focus solar concentrating systems: Experimental and numerical analyses”, Solar Energy. 133. 44-54, 2016.
Acknowledgements
- U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Reclamation, Boulder City, Nevada.
- Prof. Andrej Lenert, University of Michigan Chemical Engineering
Developers
- Nuramani Saiyidah Binti Ramli
- Emma TerBeek